How to compress JPEG images from the command line on Linux

Last updated on November 19, 2020 by Dan Nanni

Image resolution of today's picture taking gadgets (e.g., smartphones, digital cameras) keeps increasing. Even 36.3 Megapixel Nikon D800 recently hit the consumer market, and this trend will continue. While modern gadgets continue to produce increasingly high resolution images, we may often want to post-process and compress their sizes before uploading them to a storage-limited and bandwidth-restricted cloud.

In fact, there is a way to compress JPEG images easily on Linux. A command-line tool called jpegoptim allows you do lossless optimization on JPEG images, so you can compress JPEG pictures without sacrificing their quality. In case your storage or bandwidth budget is really low, jpegoptim allows you to do lossy compression as well by adjusting image quality.

For those interested in compressing PNG images, refer to this guideline instead.

Install jpegoptim on Linux

To install jpegoptim on Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint:

$ sudo apt-get install jpegoptim

To install jpegoptim on Fedora:

$ sudo yum install jpegoptim

To install jpegoptim on CentOS/RHEL, first enable EPEL repository, and then run:

$ sudo yum install jpegoptim

Compress JPEG Images Losslessly

To compress a JPG picture losslessly, simply run:

$ jpegoptim photo.jpg 

photo.jpg 2048x1536 24bit N ICC JFIF  [OK] 882178 --> 821064 bytes (6.93%), optimized.

Note that the original input image will be overwritten with a compressed impage.

If jpegoptim is not able to further optimize an image losselessly, it will skip overwriting it.

$ jpegoptim -v photo.jpg 

photo.jpg 2048x1536 24bit N ICC JFIF  [OK] 821064 --> 821064 bytes (0.00%), skipped.

If you want to preserve an original image, use -d option to specify a target directory.

$ jpegoptim -d ./compressed photo.jpg

An compressed image will then be placed (with the same name as the input file) in ./compressed directory.

If you want to preserve file creation/modification time, use -p option as follows. Then a compressed image will be placed with the same date and time as the original image.

$ jpegoptim -d ./compressed -p photo.jpg

If you simply check out possible lossless compression ratio without actually compressing it, use -n option to simulate compression. Then it will simply print results without actually performing compression.

$ jpegoptim -n photo.jpg

Compress JPEG Images Lossily

In case you really want to save storage space, you can do lossy compression on large JPEG pictures.

In this case, use -m<maximum-quality> option, where maximum quality is specified in the range of 0 and 100 (0 is the lowest quality, and 100 is the highest quality).

For example, to compress an image with 50% quality:

$ jpegoptim -m50 photo.jpg

photo.jpg 2048x1536 24bit N ICC JFIF  [OK] 882178 --> 301780 bytes (65.79%), optimized.

You will get a smaller image at the cost of reduced quality.

Compress Multiple JPEG Images in a Batch

Often times you need to compress many JPEG image files in a directory. In that case, you can use the following shell script.

#!/bin/sh

# compress all *.jpg files in the current directory 
# and place them in ./compressed directory
# with the same modification date as original files.
for i in *.jpg; do jpegoptim -d ./compressed -p "$i"; done

Alternatively, use xargs command to achieve the same:

$ find . -name "*.jpg" | xargs jpegoptim -d ./compressed -p

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